Databases are software product whose primary function is to store and retrieve data as requested by other software applications, be it those on the same computer or those running on another computer across a network (including the Internet). There several different companies who make database software with Microsoft's SQL server and Oracle being the most widely used. These database products are aimed at different audiences and for different workloads (ranging from small applications that store and retrieve data on the same computer, to millions of users and computers that access huge amounts of data from the Internet at the same time).
Data includes email, web pages, audio files, video files, basically every single bit of information you see on a webpage is data that has to be stored somewhere.
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